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Silver Paste Spraying

Silver Paste Spraying is one of the methods for coating electrodes in ceramic, glass, mica and other inorganic dielectric capacitors. Its working principle is through spray paint, which uses 4 to 5 atmospheres of compressed air to spray silver paste on the surface of the medium covered with the template. The silver paste coated in this way is uniform and smooth.

Screen Printing of Silver Paste

Screen Printing of Silver Paste is one of the methods for coating silver electrodes such as ceramic capacitors, mica capacitors, glass and glass glaze capacitors. The pattern of the missing paste on the screen can be made by methods such as photolithography and film sticking. When printing, place the media under the screen, and then use a squeegee silver paste to print on the media. The advantages of this method are high efficiency, saving raw materials, and good consistency of electrode shape and size.

Silver Pastebrushing

Silver Pastebrushing is one of the methods of coating the silver layer. It uses a silver-coated pen or other tools to apply silver paste to the surface of the medium that needs to be coated with silver. Silver coating machines include tube type and disc type.

Silver Pastepring

Silver Pastepring is similar to stamping. The end of the “stamp” printed with silver is generally made of materials such as mud, foam, etc., which are easy to absorb silver paste and have a certain degree of flexibility.

Silver Electrode Firing

Silver Electrode Firing is the common name for burned silver electrode. The silver paste coated on the surface of ceramics, glass or mica must be fired. During this process, the silver paste reacts to form a continuous, dense and firmly bonded metal silver layer with the surface of ceramics. There are two types of silver burning equipment: tunnel furnace and box furnace. Generally, the burning temperature of silver is +500~+900℃, but the burning temperature of mica flakes must be below +600℃ (because mica will lose crystal water above +600℃, which will deteriorate the performance).

Silver Ink

Silver Ink is a paste for making silver electrodes. It is formulated with silver or its compounds, fluxes, adhesives and diluents. According to the existence form of silver, it can be divided into oxidized silver paste, carbonate silver paste, and molecular silver paste. According to the burning temperature, it can be divided into high temperature silver paste and low temperature silver paste. According to the coating method, it is divided into printing silver paste, spraying silver paste and so on.

Through the above introduction, do you have a certain understanding of the ceramic capacitor manufacturing process?

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Why use LiDAR to measure the volume of materials? Accurate three-dimensional reconstruction and volume calculation are essential in many applications, such as the terrain assessment of buildings and the amount of materials removed from mines or stored in warehouses. Many non-contact sensors, such as single-point lasers, are useful in certain situations, usually for level measurement or object counting. However, for volume measurement, the entire surface needs to be scanned to detect changes in the material accumulation surface. In contrast, a single-point laser can only measure one point, and multiple measurements can yield the same information. 3D LiDAR can scan the entire environment and generate accurate 3D point clouds containing millions of points. It can generate real-time spatial data on the surface of the object, accurate to the millimeter, and can detect all changes on the surface of the stacked material.

LiDAR can work in dark environments, while most optical reconstruction methods require ambient light. Lidar has a large detection field of view and can collect data from a safe distance. The installation of accurate volume measurement devices in the inventory management system helps reduce inventory errors and ensure on-demand delivery verification and timely delivery. LiDAR-based volume measurement can also achieve accurate production and material level tracking to prevent shortages and backlogs. Easily track supply and demand, and can manage inventory in multiple locations and record inventory history and inventory thresholds.

LiDAR measures volume and point cloud data

The LiDAR sensor generates a dense cloud of measurement points, and the data points are evenly distributed in the entire scene at a distance determined by the scanning parameters. The measurement data of most LiDAR applications (including volume measurement) can be exported as point data with intensity (XYZI). It can detect the XYZ coordinates of the material relative to the LiDAR and the intensity value directly related to the reflectivity of the scanned object, providing a view of the depth and reflectivity of the point cloud.

These values ​​can then be used to calculate the volume of the storage material. XYZ values ​​can generate minimum and maximum coordinate values ​​on the three axes, thus giving a hexahedral volume containing all points. The intensity value can be used to detect irregularities on the surface of the material, making the volume reading very accurate.

Examples of LiDAR in volume measurement applications The measurement and monitoring of powder and scattered solid stocks is a challenge faced by many industries. The sensors used are usually mechanical or too simplistic to provide the complete information required for accurate liquid level monitoring and inventory management in real time. Single-point lasers and millimeter-wave radars cannot create a complete 3D surface map, and ultrasonic sensors are affected by the signal absorption of the storage material, signal noise and reflection, limited range, and high power requirements. This can lead to inaccurate data and high installation costs.

In contrast, 3D LiDAR is not limited by these problems. For example, a LiDAR-based volume measurement system can be implemented in a wood chip factory to measure the volume of wood chips produced. The sensor can be installed on a pole, on a tall machine such as a crane, or even on a drone. The multi-point scanning capability makes LiDAR ideal for measuring volume in the irregular terrain of the wood chip pile and will provide the average, highest and lowest levels detected. Since the detection does not require ambient light, it can be measured in real time even at night, which means that the manufacturer can operate the system 24/7.

This application can also be extended to construction sites, such as excavating earth to build foundations. Lidar can be used to measure the volume of excavated materials. These data are very useful because the volume of excavated material determines how much truck loading is required, which is of great help in improving the efficiency and reliability of the supply chain.

LiDAR records and measures the volume of log piles

It is a difficult task to accurately measure the ever-changing log pile with extremely narrow intermediate space. Traditionally, experts have been using a scaling method that not only depends on the type of tree, such as pine, cedar, or fir, and the quality, but also requires manual measurement of the length and diameter of the log. This cumbersome and outdated method can easily be replaced by LiDAR because LiDAR can generate log deck length and area in real time.

LiDAR can obtain accurate data in real time, helps to track inventory in real time, and provides simplified, cost-effective and safer laser measurement. In addition, the safety of the operator can be ensured because the device can be installed and used at a safe distance, with a measurement range of up to 250m.

Innovative applications of lidar help break through industrial boundaries

LiDAR can make industrial automation processes more efficient and cost-effective. Using LiDAR in volume measurement and inventory tracking applications can accurately measure the volume of materials in real time, which can bring unprecedented operational efficiency to enterprises.

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Ceramic dielectric materials for ceramic capacitors are generally divided into three categories.

Class Ⅰ ceramic dielectric material, Class Ⅱ ceramic dielectric material, Class Ⅲ ceramic dielectric material, do you know the difference between them? How to choose a suitable ceramic medium? You can find the answer in the following article.

Class I is an ultra-stable ceramic dielectric material. According to EIA standards, it is C0G and NP0, and the Chinese standard CC series and other types of ceramic dielectric materials (temperature coefficient of 0±30ppm/℃). This dielectric material is extremely stable, has an extremely low temperature coefficient, and does not appear to be aging. The loss factor is not affected by voltage, frequency, temperature and time. The dielectric coefficient can reach 400, and the dielectric strength is relatively high. This kind of dielectric material is very suitable for high frequency (especially high frequency power oscillation of industrial high frequency induction heating, high frequency wireless transmission and other applications), ultra high frequency and strict timing requirements for capacitance and stability, and the operation of oscillation circuit environment. The only disadvantage of this dielectric capacitor is that the capacitance cannot be made very large (due to its relatively small dielectric coefficient).

Class Ⅱ is a stable ceramic dielectric material, such as EIA standard X7R, X5R and China standard CT series and other types of ceramic dielectric (temperature coefficient of ±15%). The dielectric coefficient of this dielectric material varies greatly with temperature, and it is not suitable for occasions that require high temperature coefficients such as timing and oscillation. However, because of its dielectric coefficient, it can be made very large (1200 ), so the capacitance can be made relatively large, which is suitable for coupling, bypass and filtering that require high working environment temperature (X7R: -55℃~+125℃).

Class Ⅲ is available grade ceramic dielectric materials, such as EIA standard Z5U, Y5V and China standard CT series low-end product models and other ceramic dielectric materials (temperature coefficient is +22% of Z5U, -56% and +22% of Y5V, -82%). The dielectric coefficient of this dielectric material varies greatly with temperature, and it is not suitable for occasions that require high temperature coefficients such as timing and oscillation. But because its dielectric coefficient can be made very large (can reach 1000~12000), the capacitance can be made larger, which is suitable for coupling, bypass and filtering with general working environment temperature requirements (-25~+85℃) .

Through the above introduction, I believe you have a certain understanding of ceramic dielectric materials. If you want to know more about ceramic capacitors, you can click on the link below to contact

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According to reports, on October 3, China e-charging has charged a total of 15,668 electric vehicles in Hunan province, among which highway charging increased by 96% year-on-year, and some charging stations have queued up for charging. According to statistics from the State Grid, from October 1 to 3, the total charging capacity of the State Grid’s charging and swapping service network increased by 59% year-on-year, of which the charging capacity of highway charging facilities increased by 56.52% year-on-year, and the daily charging capacity of urban charging facilities increased by 75.23 year-on-year. %. From the perspective of the single-day charging capacity of highway charging facilities, the charging capacity of highway charging facilities reached 1.4292 million kilowatt-hours on October 1, nearly 4 times the normal daily charging capacity, a record high.

However, the problem of mismatched vehicle pile ratios will become increasingly prominent with the increase in vehicle ownership, and the current gap in charging piles is still relatively large.

As of the end of September, the number of New energy vehicles call was 6.78 million. This year, 1.87 million new energy vehicles have been registered, which is nearly 1.7 times that of 2020.

As of August 2021, the member units of the China Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Promotion Alliance have reported a total of 985,000 public charging piles, including 399,000 DC charging piles, 586,000 AC charging piles, and 414 AC/DC integrated charging piles. The cumulative number of charging infrastructure across the country was 2.105 million units, an increase of 52.3% year-on-year.

Based on the rough conversion of the above information, the ratio of public charging piles to piles is about 6.7:1. It is expected that China’s new energy vehicle ownership will reach 23 million in 2025, and the vehicle-to-pile ratio will reach a 1:1 level.

Therefore, new energy charging still needs to increase the construction of charging piles. On the other hand, in the face of dense and fast charging scenarios such as highways, it is also necessary to increase the deployment of DC charging, that is, fast charging charging piles. At present, the charging power of ordinary DC fast charging is 50kW-60kW, and it takes about 1 hour to fully charge. The high-power DC charging technology above 350kW that the industry has begun to deploy can shorten the charging time of new energy vehicles to 10-15 minutes.

Under the growing trend of the number of new energy vehicles, DC fast charging, especially high-power DC charging, will become a rigid demand. Of course, the scene of fast charging is not limited to this. For example, when there is a local power limit, various power banks with fast charging functions will also be welcomed by users. The fast charging application will drive a huge growth space in the industry chain such as power management chips, fast charging protocol chips, battery cells, GaN power chips, connectors, and cable harnesses.

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A single-phase motor with a slightly larger power is generally equipped with two capacitors, namely the starter and the running capacitor. Before 70 years, single-phase motors were mostly a capacitor, which is a starting capacitor. After the motor is started, the capacitor is thrown off by the centrifugal switch, and only the main winding works at this time. The secondary winding is left unused.

In order to improve the efficiency of single-phase motors, double-capacitor single-phase motors appeared only after 70 years.

What is the reason for the burning of the starting capacitor of a single-phase motor? I will only talk about the reason why the starting capacitor is burned out.

Generally, the startup capacitor is not easy to burn out because its working time is very short. It is just thrown off by the centrifugal switch at the moment of starting, and no current flows through the starting capacitor, so it is not easy to burn out. Not easy to burn does not mean that it will never be burned out.

What causes the starting capacitor to burn out?

(1) Capacitors with low withstand voltage or poor quality, it is best to use capacitors with a withstand voltage of 500V.

(2) The centrifugal shutoff often produces arcs when it is turned off. It is possible that the switch cannot be turned off after the motor is started by burning the switch. There is always current through the capacitor, and it is easy to burn the secondary winding of the motor and the starting capacitor within a certain period of time.

(3) The selected capacitor capacity is too small, and the starting current exceeds the allowable value of the capacitor.

(4) The motor is bored or the bearing is damaged. It is difficult for the motor to start the centrifugal switch within a certain period of time and it is difficult to reach the disconnected speed, and the starting power is easy to burn out.

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The focus of this Shenzhen Electronics Fair is the display of “All Things Connected” technology and application solutions, focusing on the 5G industry, showing MCU/SoC, RISC-V, storage, FPGA and AI chips, wireless communication modules, embedded systems, smart sensors, etc. New technology products and solutions. In addition, smart cars, fast charging, new energy, and third-generation semiconductors are all highlights of this exhibition.

At this Shenzhen Electronics Show, we saw that in the global core shortage environment, Chinese-made semiconductor manufacturers are encountering their golden period of development. Many manufacturers have seen their performance skyrocket this year, or they are opening up. Many new customers are also catching up with the leading international manufacturers in terms of products. It is believed that the domestic semiconductor industry will be able to obtain better driving force as the supply chain continues to develop in the direction of localization.

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Traditional dielectric capacitors, supercapacitors and chemical batteries are all energy storage electronic devices, all of which have the function of storing electrical energy. The charge on the capacitor is the integral of the charging current “i” to the time “t”, as shown in the following formula:

Q=∫idt (Formula 1)

According to the formula, C=Q/U, when the capacitance of the capacitor is constant, the following formula holds:

Dq=CdU (Formula 2)

Substituting formula 1 into formula 2 can be obtained:

DU/dt=i/C (Formula 3)

It can be seen from Formula 3 that when the capacitor is charged with a constant current, the voltage across the capacitor will increase linearly with time; on the contrary, when the current device is discharged with a constant circuit, the voltage across the capacitor will decrease linearly with time, and its slope is the same as the capacitance. It is inversely proportional, as shown in Figure (1-1) (Because the capacitor has a certain leakage current, the charging and discharging curve slightly deviates from the linearity during charging and discharging)

Capacitor constant current charge and discharge curve

Capacitor constant current charge and discharge curve
From the constant current charge and discharge curve of the capacitor in Figure 1-1, it can be seen that the constant current charge and discharge curve of the capacitor is a sawtooth waveform, which is fundamentally different from the constant current charge and discharge curve of the battery. The charge and discharge curve of the battery has a charge or Put a point on the voltage platform. Supercapacitors have a sawtooth waveform constant current charging and discharging curve, which is a “true capacitance” rather than a “pseudocapacitance”.Capacitor circuit characteristics

When the charging current of the capacitor is i and the charged voltage reaches U, the energy stored in the capacitor is:

W=∫iUdt = ∫C(dU)/(dt)Udt = C∫UdU = 1/2*CU2.

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As shown in Figure 1, let’s study a circuit with only capacitors and AC power. Facts have proved that there is a 90° phase difference between the current and the voltage, and the peak value of the current is 90° (1/4 cycle) ahead of the peak value of the voltage. AC power will generate oscillating voltage. The greater the capacitance value, the more charge must flow in order to establish a specific voltage on the plate, and therefore the greater the current. The higher the voltage frequency, the shorter the time available to change the voltage, so the current must be larger. Therefore, the current will increase as the capacitance and frequency increase.

Figure 1: Circuit with only capacitors and AC power supply and its working principle.

Capacitive AC circuit

A purely capacitive AC circuit is a circuit that only contains AC power and capacitors, as shown in Figure 2. The capacitor is directly connected across both ends of the AC power supply voltage. As the power supply voltage increases and decreases, the capacitor will charge and discharge. Current will first flow through the circuit in one direction and then flow in the other direction. However, no current actually flows through the capacitor. Electrons accumulate on one plate, and then are discharged from the other plate in rapid succession, giving the impression that current flows through the insulator that separates the plates.

Figure 2: Pure capacitive AC circuit.

Capacitive reactance

The current flowing in the capacitor is proportional to the rate of change of the voltage across the capacitor. The capacitive reactance in a purely capacitive circuit hinders the current in the AC circuit. As with resistance, the unit of measurement of reactance is also ohms. Therefore, in order to distinguish it from the pure resistance value, reactance is represented by the symbol X. Since capacitive reactance depends on the value of the capacitor (in farads) and the frequency of the AC waveform, it can be expressed by the following formula.

This formula shows that if the frequency or capacitance value is increased, the total capacitive reactance will decrease. Similar to an ideal conductor, when the frequency approaches infinity, the capacitive reactance of the capacitor will decrease to zero.

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Machine vision systems use very short glare flashes to produce high-speed images for various data processing applications. For example, fast-moving conveyor belts use machine vision systems for rapid labeling and defect detection. Infrared and laser LED flashes are commonly used in machine vision for short-range and motion detection. The security system emits high-speed, imperceptible LED flashes to detect movement, capture and store security images.

A challenge that all these systems have is to generate very high current and short-term (microsecond) LED camera flash waveforms, which may spread out over a long period of time, such as 100 ms to more than 1 s. It is not easy to generate short-term LED flash square waves with longer intervals. When the driving current of the LED (or LED string) rises above 1 A, and the LED turn-on time is shortened to a few microseconds, the challenge is further increased. Many LED driver with high-speed PWM capabilities may not be able to effectively handle long off-time and short-time high currents without degrading the quality of the square wave required to properly process high-speed images.

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